
13-minute read
Key takeaways
- Essential items to take hiking are grouped into 10 ‘systems’.
- As a minumum, you should take enough water, food, clothing, sun or cold protection and a means of navigating.
- You’ll need more items for longer, and more challenging hikes than you will for a day hike.
The 10 essentials for hiking
To jump ahead, or to view each essential ‘system’, click one of the links below:
- Navigation system: GPS device, map, compass, altimeter
- Illumination system: Headlamp or torch and extra batteries
- Clothing and insulation system: Extra clothes. Moisture-wicking layers. Proper hiking shoes or boots.
- Hydration system: Extra water
- Food system: Extra food
- Fire-starting system: Matches, lighter, tinder, or stove
- Tool and repair kit system: Knife, plus a gear repair kit
- Emergency and safety system: First aid kit including foot care and insect repellent (depending on climate), satellite messenger or personal locator beacon (PLB)
- Shelter system: Can be a lightweight emergency bivy
- Sun protection system: Sunglasses, sun-protective clothes and sunscreen
More useful items to take hiking
Minimizing environmental impact
Pack your 10 essentials hiking kit!
FAQs
Preparing for a hike means being ready for the unexpected. That’s why it’s common practice among hikers to pack the ’10 essentials’.
These essential items are things to help you navigate or call for help, stay protected from the elements, and stay fed and hydrated if you end up staying outside longer than planned.
No matter how experienced you are, you HAVE to be prepared. Even experienced hikers can get lost and risk dehydrating or starving to death in the wilderness.
In the 1930s, when the 10 hiking essentials list was first thought of, it included: sunglasses, sunscreen, extra clothing, a headlamp or torch, a first-aid kit, a map and compass, something to start a fire, matches, a knife, and extra food.

The 10 hiking essentials list wasn’t formalized until 1974. It was published in a book called Mountaineering: The Freedom of the Hills. The book was written by volunteers who were all outdoor experts.
Today, the list is comprised of ‘systems.’ For example, the ‘sun protection system’ includes sunglasses, sunscreen, and sun-protective clothes. There are several items within each system. The longer, or more difficult, or remote your hike, the more of the items you should take with you.
The first item you’ll need is a backpack to pack your 10 essentials in. Make sure it’s a proper hiking backpack with a chest strap and a waist strap that allows the weight of the bag to rest on your hips. Any other kind of bag will result in aching shoulders or back pain. Backpack sizes are given in liters. If you’re carrying all of the 10 essentials on a full-day hike, a backpack of 20 liters should be just right.
What to take on a day hike
If you’re going on a day hike, then you won’t need everything on the list. Depending on the weather and the time you plan to be outside, the number of items will vary. I would always take a headlamp or torch even on a day hike – just in case you unexpectedly end up being out after dark. Water, food, extra layers, navigation tools, and sun protection are always on my list, even for the shortest hikes.
Read on for more details on each of the 10 essentials for hiking. All the information I’ve gathered here comes from my own experience and expert mountaineers and hikers.
Navigation system
- GPS device: A GPS device offers precise location tracking and can be invaluable in areas where the trail is not well-defined or visibility is compromised. Ensure it’s updated with the relevant maps of your hiking area.
- Map: The most fundamental navigation tool is a paper map. It doesn’t rely on batteries and works in all weather conditions (if you keep it waterproof). Always carry a topographic map of the area you’re exploring. And make sure you know how to use it.
- Hiking guidebook: I always base my hikes on guidebooks. Then I find the route on an app such as Wikiloc or Komoot. Plus, I take a map. Guidebooks provide descriptions that can be helpful.
- Compass: It’s vital to pair your map with a reliable compass. A compass shows you north and helps orient your map to the landscape. Used together, these tools provide a powerful means for route finding.
- Altimeter: This device measures your altitude, which can be useful when navigating through mountainous terrain, as it helps you keep track of your ascent or descent.
Illumination system

Choosing the right light
The options are a headlamp or a flashlight. A headlamp is most hikers’ first choice because you can keep your hands free. Many models offer varying brightness levels and a red-light option to preserve night vision. A flashlight offers directed lighting and can be easier to manipulate in certain situations. In some cases, having both can serve as a primary and backup system. When wearing a headlamp, be careful not to shine it into your companions’ eyes – that is my pet peeve!
Power sources
Your light is only as useful as its power source. Carrying extra batteries or having an alternative charging solution, like a power bank, is essential. Remember to check the battery life of your light and consider the duration of your trip.
Remember, always test your gear before departure to ensure functionality. Go for LED lights because they last many hours longer than other bulbs. Don’t rely on your smartphone light because it will drain the battery fast.
Tip! Practice changing your headlamp/flashlight batteries in the dark.
Clothing and Insulation system
Extra layers
Layering your clothing allows you to adapt to changing temperatures and activity levels. Start with a moisture-wicking base layer that keeps sweat off your skin, such as a lightweight, breathable fabric like merino wool. Your mid-layer, like a fleece or down jacket, provides insulation to retain body heat. The outer layer should be water-resistant and windproof to shield you from rain and gusts. Always carry an extra layer, beyond what you expect to need, for unforeseen weather changes. In summer you’ll need fewer layers.
Weather-appropriate attire
It’s essential to choose your clothing based on the forecast and climate. In cold conditions, include items like insulated gloves and a warm hat to protect extremities from frostbite. For sunny hikes, a brimmed hat and lightweight, long-sleeved shirts can provide sun protection. Rain gear is crucial in wet climates, so pack a waterproof jacket or a gaiter to keep dry.

Tip! Hiking in the mountains can see temperatures drop. If the air is dry, the temperature can drop almost 1 degree C for every 100 meters climbed. (33.6 F for every 328 feet). Take extra layers to put on when hiking to high mountains.
Correct hiking footwear
Your footwear choice must match the terrain. Durable, water-resistant boots with good ankle support are great for rough trails to prevent ankle injuries. For less challenging paths, lighter and more breathable shoes might be sufficient. It’s fine to wear hiking shoes for tougher hikes too – it just depends on what is comfortable for you. Always prioritize fit and comfort to avoid aching feet and blisters. Always wear your new hiking shoes and boots for several hours in and around your home to test their comfort before you go on a long hike.
Tip! Long hair? Take extra hair ties. Hiking with your hair down can get hot and sticky. If the wind picks up, you don’t want your hair blowing in your face while you’re trying to walk over uneven ground.
Hydration system
Water sources
Identifying safe water sources is a fundamental step before any hiking trip. Streams, rivers, and lakes can serve as water sources, but they often require treatment to make the water safe to drink. Consider using a water filter designed for the outdoors to remove bacteria and organisms that can live in water (protozoa). Alternatively, water purification tablets or boiling are reliable methods to purify water.

Carrying water
Your hydration system should include a durable water bottle or a hydration reservoir. Water bottles are simple to use and come in various materials such as stainless steel or plastic. For hands-free drinking and more capacity, opt for a hydration reservoir.
Plan to carry at least two liters of water for a four-hour hike. I always take extra in case of emergencies or unforeseen situations. Plus, because water is heavy, I keep an extra bottle in the shade in my car so that when I finish the hike, I have a backup. Remember, the amount of water needed can dramatically increase with heat, altitude, exertion, and individual needs.
Click here to read more about how much water to drink per day when backpacking.
Food system
Food choices for hiking
For a nutritious energy boost, pack snacks like energy bars, nuts, and dried fruits. Energy bars are a densely packed source of calories and nutrients, designed to sustain you during long treks. Opt for nuts such as almonds or walnuts that balance fats, proteins, and calories.
Don’t forget about dried fruits; apricots, raisins, and berries are lightweight and packed with natural sugars for a quick energy lift. If you prefer savory options, jerky is an excellent source of protein that is portable and non-perishable.
Managing food quantities

Carry extra food beyond what you think you’ll eat. An extra day’s worth of food can be crucial should your hike take longer than expected. Calculate your rations by considering the caloric demands of hiking; a good rule of thumb is about 200-300 calories per hour of moderate to strenuous hiking. Plan your meals and snacks to meet these requirements and pack accordingly. Remember that your body might need more calories in cold or high-altitude environments.
- Suggested daily snack rations:
- 2-3 energy bars (200-250 calories each)
- 1 cup of mixed nuts (800-900 calories)
- 1/2 cup of dried fruits (200-250 calories)
- 3-4 pieces of jerky (70-80 calories each)
If, like me, you love eating, then snacks alone aren’t satisfying enough. I always take an egg mayo and salad baguette, some orange segments, and a slice of cake. Plus, snacks of nuts and dried fruit. It’s the best meal you’ve tasted when you’re eating it on the peak of a mountain you just climbed.
Fire starting system
Fire starters
Useful on multi-day hikes, but not necessary on day hikes unless you’re in an emergency and want to light a fire as a signal for help.

- Matches: Waterproof matches are essential to start a fire even in wet conditions. Store them in a waterproof box.
- Lighters: Butane lighters provide a more modern and dependable fire-starting method.
- Fire starters: Commercial options like magnesium fire starters are efficient at turning a spark into a flame. Or use dry tinder (kept in a waterproof bag), lint from the tumble drier, lightning nuggets (small pellets designed for quick-starting fires), and even candles, which can all be used to get a fire going.
- Stove: if you’re in an area with no firewood, a stove is a good option. Also, useful if you’re in an area where campfires are restricted.
Firewood isn’t always a hiking essential. If you do need it, we recommend buying it in or near your hiking destination. Buying firewood locally helps to stop the spread of pests and introduced species.
Safe fire practices
Remember, the ability to start a fire comes with the responsibility to maintain fire safety.
- Never leave fires unattended: A fire should always be monitored.
- Proper extinguishing: Ensure fires are completely out by dousing them with water and stirring ashes.
Tool and repair kit system
Essential tools
- Knife or multi-tool: Critical for any number of tasks from preparing food to modifying gear.
- Duct tape: A universal tool, duct tape is indispensable for quick fixes, from repairing torn gear to serving as an improvised bandage.
Repair kit contents
- Adhesive: Opt for strong adhesives that can repair fabrics or gear surfaces.
- Sewing kit: A few needles and threads can mend ripped clothing or backpacks, saving you from exposure or gear loss.
- Replacement parts: Buckles, cordage, fabric patches, and other specific replacement parts relevant to your gear can help to quickly mend broken straps or holes in tents.
- Cable ties and safety pins: Useful for temporary fixes on gear or even as zipper pulls, cable ties are lightweight and have multiple uses.
Emergency and safety system
First aid essentials

A well-stocked first aid kit is definitely a hiking essential. Items should include, but not be limited to:
- Bandages of various sizes
- Antiseptic wipes and creams
- Blister treatments
- Medical tape
- Tweezers
- Pain relief medication
- Gauze pads
- Adhesive tape
- Gloves
You can buy pre-packed kits, or tailor your own. The Red Cross have comprehensive advice here on how to make your own first aid kit.
First aid knowledge is equally crucial; know how to use each item in your kit effectively. Consider taking a short course in first aid and CPR before heading out. Or at the very least, carry a pocket-sized guide to first aid.
Bug spray can help keep the mosquitos and ticks away. Hand sanitizer is useful for after those wilderness bathroom breaks. If you’re in bear country, then pack bear spray.
Calling for help

- Personal Locator Beacon (PLB) or satellite messenger: Consider carrying a PLB or a satellite messenger for emergencies, especially when hiking in remote locations. These devices can send out a distress signal with your location to search and rescue teams. Most satellite messengers offer a paid subscription which gives you two-way messaging, so you can communicate with family or rescue services and receive updates.
- Mirror: useful for reflecting the sun and creating a signal.
- Whistle: I always take a whistle when I’m going into the wilderness hiking, or doing any other activity. If there’s anyone within earshot, they’ll hear if I need to use it.
- Fire/smoke: making a fire can be for warmth, to cook, or to attract attention in an emergency. See the items listed under the “Fire-starting system’.
Tip! To signal SOS by light or sound the rhythm is ‘three short / three long / three short’. You could use a whistle or a flashlight.
Shelter
A lightweight emergency shelter such as an emergency bivy or space blanket can be lifesaving if you need to protect yourself from harsh weather conditions. Ensure it’s compact and fits within your backpack without adding significant weight.
Tip! Pack a lightweight emergency blanket: It reflects body heat to keep you warm.
Sun protection system
Tip! Check the Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) page for the UV index forecast. This tells you the expected intensity of UV radiation from the sun. The Center for Disease Control (CDC) says “If the UV index is three or higher in your area, protect your skin from too much exposure to the sun.”
Sunglasses
You need sunglasses to protect your eyes from UV rays. Too much exposure to the sun can even cause cataracts – I know because I developed one after a lot of time spent outside. Even if you’re traveling on ice and snow, you’ll need special darker glasses to protect your eyes from snow blindness. Wraparound sunglasses are great because they protect your eyes from the sides, and they stay on better. Taking a spare pair of sunglasses is a good idea too – definitely a hiking essential!

Sun protective clothing
Look for clothing rated with an Ultraviolet Protection Factor (UPF). A UPF rating of 50 indicates the fabric will allow only 1/50th of the sun’s UV radiation to pass through, significantly reducing your exposure. Darker colors may offer more protection than lighter colors. Tightly woven fabric provides the best defense against the sun. Team that with a wide-brimmed hat. Baseball caps aren’t ideal because they leave the back of your neck and ears exposed.
Sunscreen
The CDC recommends wearing a broad-spectrum sunscreen of SPF 15 or higher, even on cloudy days. Re-apply every two hours while you’re outside. Don’t forget your lips. Take a sun protection chapstick.
Don’t forget: hiking at higher elevations increases your UV exposure due to the thinner atmosphere, so enhance your protection accordingly.
More useful items to take hiking
I usually take a power bank for my mobile because the battery runs down faster if you’re navigating using your phone. If you plan a rest stop you might want to take a hammock. ‘Hammocking’ is gaining popularity. Tying a hammock up between two trees provides a comfortable place to rest, away from the insects on the ground.
I have some unique advice from my own experience. Take superglue! If the soles of your hiking shoes detach you won’t be able to walk unless you find a way to stick them back together. I was on a group hike a few months ago and one guy’s shoe soles just fell off! He couldn’t get back down the mountain. Someone found some tape and tried to wrap it around his shoes. It helped a bit, but progress was slow. If he’d been alone, he would have still been trying to descend after dark. Superglue would have solved the problem instantly.
Minimizing environmental impact
The 10 essentials for hiking are all about keeping yourself safe and comfortable. Don’t forget to protect and respect the environment too. There’s a set of principles called ‘Leave No Trace’, which promote outdoor conservation. They were established by the Leave No Trace Center for Outdoor Ethics, and enhanced by the US Forest Service, National Park Service, and the Bureau of Land Management. You can read about this in detail in another article. The basics to bear in mind include:
- Pack in, pack out: Carry a sturdy trash bag to collect all your trash, including food scraps, and take it with you when you leave.
- Protect wildlife: Observe animals from a distance and do not disturb their natural behaviors.
- Trail integrity: Stick to marked trails to avoid trampling native flora and causing unnecessary erosion.
Waste disposal
Properly disposing of waste is critical in maintaining the natural beauty of hiking trails.
- Solid waste: Use a trowel to dig a cathole at least six to eight inches deep for toilet waste, located 200 feet away from water sources.
- Toilet paper: Take used toilet paper away with you in a sealed plastic bag, ensuring it doesn’t litter the trail or water sources.
- Hygiene: Opt for biodegradable soap and avoid contaminating water sources by washing yourself or your dishes 200 feet away from the water.
Remember, leaving no trace is more than a set of guidelines; it’s about stewardship of the natural world. Your efforts to follow these practices ensure the longevity and health of the outdoor spaces you love.
Take the FREE Leave No Trace course here.

Now pack your 10 hiking essentials kit!

If this seems like a lot to remember, then try using this limerick to help you remember the 10 hiking essentials:
The Mountaineers Ten Essentials Limerick
By Steve McClure
To navigate, head for the sun
With first aid and knife on the run
Bring fire and shelter
Extra food is a helper
But water and clothes weigh a ton
Full credit to the Mountaineers organization for this handy limerick!
FAQs
What should be included in a basic hiking survival kit?
A basic hiking survival kit should include items to help you navigate, shelter, create fire, stay hydrated and fed, repair gear, and signal for help. These may encompass a map, compass, space blanket, fire starter, water, water purification method, food, and a whistle.
Which items are considered essential for a day hike?
For a day hike, essentials include navigation tools like a map and compass, sun protection, insulation, illumination such as a headlamp, first-aid supplies, fire-making tools, a repair kit, nutrition, hydration, and an emergency shelter.
In preparing for a hike, which five items are crucial for beginners?
Beginners should prioritize a map and compass for navigation, appropriate footwear, extra water and food, weather-appropriate clothing, and a simple first-aid kit on every hike.
What gear is recommended by the BSA for hiking outings?
The Boy Scouts of America recommend gear that includes the traditional hiking essentials plus personal identification, a Scout’s own Ten Essentials kit, and any additional items dictated by weather, terrain, and local considerations for safety.
What essential items does REI suggest every hiker should carry?
REI suggests every hiker carries the ‘Ten Essentials’ which fall into the following systems: Navigation, Headlamp, Sunprotection, First Aid, Knife, Fire, Shelter, Extra food, Extra water, and Extra clothes.
Continue learning about hiking
How much water should I drink per day when backpacking?
How to hike! Essential hiking guide for beginners
The benefits of being outside: Why nature is essential for well-being
Why use trekking poles? The 101 guide you’ve been waiting for